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To Paul, the human race is made up of families, and every several organism, the church included, is composed of families, united together by this or that bond. The relation of the sexes in the family follows it therefore into the church. To the feminist movement the human race is made up of individuals; a woman is just another individual by the side of the man; and it can see no reason for any differences in dealing with the two. And, indeed, if we can ignore the great fundamental natural differ­ence of sex, and destroy the great fundamental social unit of the family, in the interest of individualism, there does not seem any reason why we should not wipe out the differences established by Paul between the sexes in the church.
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The punishment was meted out for such crimes as treason, desertion in the face of the enemy, robbery, piracy, assassination, sedition, etc. It continued in vogue in the Roman Empire till the day of Constantine, when it was abolished as an insult to Christianity. Among the Romans crucifixion was preceded by scourging, undoubtedly to hasten impending death. The victim then bore his own cross, or at least the upright beam, to the place of execution. This in itself proves that the structure was less ponderous than is commonly supposed. When he was tied to the cross nothing further was done and he was left to die from starvation. If he was nailed to the cross, at least in Judea, a stupefying drink was given him to deaden the agony. The number of nails used seems to have been indeterminate. A tablet, on which the feet rested or on which the body was partly supported, seems to have been a part of the cross to keep the wounds from tearing through the transfixed members (Iren., Adv. haer., ii.42). The suffering of death by crucifixion was intense, especially in hot climates. Severe local inflammation, coupled with an insignificant bleeding of the jagged wounds, produced traumatic fever, which was aggravated the exposure to the heat of the sun, the strained of the body and insufferable thirst. The swelled about the rough nails and the torn lacerated tendons and nerves caused excruciating agony. The arteries of the head and stomach were surcharged with blood and a terrific throbbing headache ensued. The mind was confused and filled with anxiety and dread foreboding. The victim of crucifixion literally died a thousand deaths. Tetanus not rarely supervened and the rigors of the attending convulsions would tear at the wounds and add to the burden of pain, till at last the bodily forces were exhausted and the victim sank to unconsciousness and death. The sufferings were so frightful that “even among the raging passions of war pity was sometimes excited” (BJ, V, xi, 1). The length of this agony was wholly determined by the constitution of the victim, but death rarely ensued before thirty-six hours had elapsed. Instances are on record of victims of the cross who survived their terrible injuries when taken down from the cross after many hours of suspension (Josephus, Vita, 75). Death was sometimes hastened by breaking the legs of the victims and by a hard blow delivered under the armpit before crucifixion. Crura fracta was a well-known Roman term (Cicero Phil. xiii.12). The sudden death of Christ evidently was a matter of astonishment (Mark 15:44). The peculiar symptoms mentioned by John (19:34) would seem to point to a rupture of the heart, of which the Savior died, independent of the cross itself, or perhaps hastened by its agony (Henry Dosker).
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Risotto with Porcini And Broccoli Rabe

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CATEGORY CUISINE TAG YIELD
November 19 1 servings

INGREDIENTS

The carcass of a roast turkey; broken into large
; pieces
4 1/2 qt Water; about (18 cups)
1/2 oz Dried porcini mushrooms*
2/3 c Hot water
3/4 lb Broccoli rabe
1 1/2 c Minced onion
2 tb Unsalted butter
1 1/2 c Arborio rice*
1/2 c Dry white wine
1/4 c Freshly grated Parmesan

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR THE BROTH
*available at specialty foods shops and some supermarkets
Make the broth:
In a large kettle or stockpot combine the carcass with the water, or enough
to cover it, and simmer the mixture, uncovered, for 3 hours. Strain the
broth through a large sieve into a large bowl, discarding the solids,
return it to the kettle, and boil it until it is reduced to about 10 cups.
Reserve 8 cups of the broth and transfer the remaining broth to a container
for another use. The broth may be made 1 week in advance and kept covered
and chilled if it is brought to a boil every 2 days and then allowed to
cool to warm, uncovered, before being chilled again. The broth keeps,
frozen, for 3 months.
In a small bowl let the porcini soak in the hot water for 30 minutes and
strain the soaking liquid through a rinsed and squeezed paper towel set
over a cup, reserving it. Wash the porcini under cold water to remove any
grit and chop them coarse. Trim the broccoli rabe, discarding any yellow or
coarse leaves and the tough stem ends. Peel the large stems, cut off the
flowerets, reserving them, and cut the stems and the leaves crosswise into
1 1/2-inch pieces. Bring the reserved 8 cups broth to a boil, add the
broccoli rabe stems, leaves, and reserved flowerets, and simmer the mixture
for 4 minutes, or until the broccoli rabe is just tender. Transfer the
broccoli rabe with a skimmer to a bowl and keep the broth at a bare simmer.
In a large saucepan cook the onion and the porcini in the butter over
moderate heat, stirring, until the onion is softened and add the rice,
stirring until it is coated well with the butter. Add the wine and the
reserved porcini soaking liquid and cook the mixture over moderately high
heat, stirring constantly, until the liquid is absorbed. Add about 1/2 cup
of the simmering broth and cook the mixture, stirring constantly, until the
broth is absorbed. Continue cooking the mixture and adding the broth, about
1/2 cup at a time, stirring constantly and letting each portion be absorbed
before adding the next, until the rice is tender but still al dente. (The
rice should take about 20 minutes to become al dente.) Stir in the broccoli
rabe and simmer the risotto, stirring, until it is heated through. Remove
the pan from the heat and stir in the Parmesan and salt and pepper to
taste.
Serves 4 to 6.
Gourmet November 1993
Converted by MC_Buster.
Converted by MM_Buster v2.0l.

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