[Jonathan Edwards wrote of Sarah], “They say there is a young lady in (New Haven) who is loved of that Great Being, who made and rules the world, and that there are certain seasons in which this Great Being, in some way or other invisible, comes to her and fills her mind with exceeding sweet delight; and she hardly cares for anything, except to meditate on him… she has a strange sweetness in her mind, and singular purity in their affection… you could not persuade her to do anything wrong or sinful... She is of a wonderful sweetness, calmness and universal benevolence of mind…. She will sometimes go about from place to place, singing sweetly; and seems to be always full of joy and pleasure; and no one knows for what. She loves to be alone, walking in the fields and groves, and seems to have some one invisible always conversing with her.”
Edna Gerstner

Feathers Still Fly

Feathers Still Fly

Dickson, David. “Feathers Still Fly in Row over Fossil Bird” Science 238: 475-476, 23 October 1987.

Scientists at Britain’s Natural History Museum claim new evidence proves that their fossil of Archaeopteryx is genuine. Two prominent astronomers continue to insist that it is a fake.

London: The whiff of scandal has been drawing crowds to the natural history branch of the British Museum this summer, where a fossil described by the museum as “perhaps the most important and valuable in existence” has been put on public display for the first time in 21 years to refute charges that it is a fake.

The fossil in question is generally claimed by paleontologists to be the 150-million-year-old remains of an Archaeopteryx lithographica, the first known bird. It was discovered in a German limestone quarry in the middle of the 19th century, and immediately purchased by the museum’s then director, Richard Owen, on the grounds that the faint impressions of wing skeletons surrounding the bones indicated that it was the “missing link” between reptiles and birds.

Two years ago, this widely accepted conclusion was challenged by two prominent–if controversial– British scientists, the astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle and N.C. Wickramasinghe, a mathematician and astronomer at University College, Cardiff. Using photographic evidence to support claims initially put forward by Israeli physicist Lee Spetner, they argued that a 19th-century forger had cleverly used a mixture of paste and limestone fragments to add the impression of wings to a genuine dinosaur fossil, possibly to increase its sale value to the museum.

The staff of the museum have reacted heatedly to the charges, which included the implication that they had since been responsible for covering up the forgery. In a detailed rebuttal published in Science last year, they cited a list of reasons– including a precise matching of the hairline cracks on the feathered areas of the two slabs between which the fossil was sandwiched–why they believed the fossil to be genuine (Science, 2 May l986, p. 622).

Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, however, have remained on the attack. Earlier this year they received considerable publicity in the British media when they held a press conference to repeat their charges, accusing the museum of further complicity by refusing to provide some specified samples of the rock for spectroscopic analysis.

The matching of the hairline cracks, they said, could have been produced by the same process that produces fissures in plaster applied to a wall that is already cracked (the museum argues that the presence of calcite crystals in the cracks reveals that they cannot be of recent origin).

Now the museum has responded at two further levels. The first has been a public exhibition, mounted under the title “The Feathers Fly,” which summarizes in popular form both the charges being made by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe and the detailed response of the museum’s scientific experts to each of the individual claims.

The second has been the release of some new ultraviolet photographs of the Archaeopteryx fossil. According to the museum staff, any organic glue mixed with the limestone cement used to make the feather impressions would have shown up under the ultraviolet source. Cocks indicated that he would have been delighted, in a way, if it had turned out to be a forgery, as the museum’s staff had been the first to demonstrate in the case of the Piltdown man. The fact that, in contrast to the fossil bones, the areas surrounding the feathers did not fluoresce demonstrates ocnclusively, they argue, that no organic glue could have been used, and therefore–since inorganic glues were unknown at the time–that the impressions could not have been made in the way suggested.

“We had to go further than our Science article because of the press conference given by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, where they claimed to have refuted the arguments that we made,” says Robin Cocks, the museum’s curator of paleontology. “One year ago we thought they would go away; we just got tired of pussy-footing around.”

Cocks says that, although other paleontological evidence suggests that the Archaeopteryx fossils, of which five other specimens have since been identified, was “the right fossil in the right place at the right time,” from a scientific point of view the museum would be “delighted” if it was shown to be a forgery.

“Indeed, there are plenty of young Turks in the paleontology community who would be only too delighted to put the boot in; but at present there is not one vertebrate paleontologist who supports the claims being made by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe,” he says.

The two astronomers continue to reject the museum’s protests to innocence; they maintain their conviction that both the London fossil and a second one discovered in the same location 16 years later, which is currently in a musum in Berlin, are forgeries. They play down, for example, the significance of the latest experiments that the museum claims are conclusive.

“We have looked into the whole question of the behavior of material under ultraviolet light and have found that although most organic substances do indeed flow under such light, not all of them do,” says Wickramasinghe. “We therefore feel that if could have been possible to devise organic glues that do not fluorese, so the weakness of the fluorescence effect does not prove very much, and the new evidence is therefore not as decisive as the museum is claiming.”

Wickramasinghe rejects the claim that he and Hoyle are keen to show that the Archaeopteryx is a fake partly because it would provide support for their own broader–and equally controversial–ideas that life originated in space and subsequently arrived on the earth in a meteorite shower about 65 million years ago. “We have absolutely no vested interest in showing the fossil to be a forgery, since our own theory of life from space would not fall if the fossil was shown to be genuine,” he says.

He is also strongly critical of the museum’s refusal to provide its critics twith a small sample for analysis of the limestone from immediately beneath the fossil (an earlier sample, whose analysis has recently been completed by Spetner in Israel, came from a different part of the rock slab in which the fossil was found). “The whole authenticity issue could be resolved with a mere pinhead of the material,” Wickramasinghe says.

Cocks at the Natural History Museum maintains that the astronomers have yet to produce sufficient “proof” of their hypothesis that would justify providing them with the new sample they are now requesting. “If you were in charge of the crown jewels, would you start prizing out emeralds and handing them out to anyone who claimed that they were fake?” he says.

Feelings among the museum’s scientific staff continue to run high about the charges that have been made because of both their nature and the time spent trying to refute them. Many are also upset about the personal language in which what they describe as the “outrageous allegations” have been expressed.

“We feel a little sad that two scientists as eminent as Fred Hoyle and Wickramasinghe have to back up their arguments by accusing other scientists of being dishonest,” says Angela Milner, curator of fossil birds.

Indeed, some members of the scientific staff are uneasy about the evenhandedness of the public exhibition, where the evidence for and against the physicists’ charges is given equal space, leaving the conclusion open for visitors to decide. “If we had been doing the exhibition, it would have been more open and shut,” says Cocks.

But the museum authorities have been able to have the last word. The exhibition organizers had produced for sale two sets of buttons, one declaring “Archaeopteryx is a fake” and the other that “Archaeopteryx is genuine.” In the end, however, only one of the buttons, however, is available at the museum shop; the prospect of thousands of school children circulating London with official-looking badges declaring one of the museum’s prize possessions to be a forgery seems to have been something that even the most open-minded of museum administrators found difficult to accept.

Origin: Students for Origins Research CREVO BBS (719) 528-1363.

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