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Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis

METAMORPHOSIS

Some animals go through a radical change in form or structure–a process called metamorphosis–during the development from egg to adult,resulting in a series of distinctive stages.

Metamorphoses may be accompanied by shifts in habitat, feeding behavior, and other habits. Animals that undergo one or more metamorphoses as they develop are said to have complex life cycles, with distinctive stages being initiated by a metamorphosis from the preceding stage. Each of these stages is usually specialized for a particular function such as feeding, growth, habitat selection, or differentiation of distinctive tissues. Early developmental stages are often termed larvae; sexually reproductive stages are termed adults.

The life cycle of the frog provides a simple example of metamorphic development. The tadpole (larval stage) that hatches from the egg is limbless and possesses external gills and a large tail. Tadpoles feed on aquatic algae and have a long, coiled intestine to process this type of food. After remaining tadpoles for a period of time ranging from a few months to several years, depending on the species involved, tadpoles metamorphose to frogs
(adult stage) over a few weeks. They absorb their tails. Hindlimbs and then forelimbs soon develop.

The eyes enlarge and the skeleton is altered. As the frog emerges from the pond, it breathes with the aid of lungs and feeds primarily on insects. Accompanying this shift from a herbivorous to a carnivorous feeding habit, the intestine of the frog is short and straight. The beginning of metamorphosis is triggered by the release of thyroid hormone.

The higher insects (such as beetles, flies, butterflies, and wasps) complete a more complicated series of metamorphoses as development proceeds from egg to adult.

For the butterfly or moth the larva that hatches from the egg is called a caterpillar. The caterpillar is vermiform and feeds voraciously on plant matter. After completing four molts the larval butterfly has grown tremendously in size and undergoes a metamorphosis to the pupal (or chrysalis) stage. As its final act the caterpillar secretes a cocoon about itself, firmly cementing the cocoon to a branch or twig. Inside the cocoon all the tissues of the PUPA are reorganized. Larval structures are broken down, and adult structures such as wings differentiate from little groups of cells called imaginal disks. When this metamorphosis is complete, the winged adult, capable of sexual reproduction, emerges from the cocoon.

Each of the stages is highly specialized for a limited series of functions. The slow-moving caterpillar is the feeding stage. Essentially all the increase in size (weight) is confined to this stage. The pupal stage is a complicated period of larval tissue breakdown and differentiation of the adult structures.

Periods of inclement weather, such as winter, are often endured in the pupal stage. The adult stage does little feeding and does not grow but provides dispersal, selects an appropriate habitat to lay its eggs, and reproduces sexually. If the adult selects the correct site to lay its eggs, the slow-moving caterpillar will hatch near a good source of food.

Metamorphosis is considered complete when a clear distinction exists between larval and adult stage, such as from tadpole to frog and from larva to pupa to adult. Some animals undergo gradual, or incomplete, metamorphosis. The young resemble adults. Their form gradually changes into an adult through a series of molts. They undergo no pupal stage and no destruction of immature tissues. Examples of such animals are lobsters and cockroaches.

Many marine organisms, both invertebrates and fishes, begin life as minute planktonic larvae. These larval stages are responsible for dispersal and ultimately for habitat selection. They must settle out of the water at a location suitable for growth of the juvenile to the adult. For many marine invertebrates the transformation from planktonic larva to adult is very rapid. Sea urchins can complete this metamorphosis in about one hour.

Crustaceans have complicated life cycles sometimes involving four separate metamorphoses.

Parasitic organisms are also characterized by complex life cycles with striking metamorphic changes. For parasites the different stages may be specialized for dispersal, host-seeking, attachment and penetration, feeding, and reproduction.

ARMAND KURIS

Bibliography: Barnes, R. D., Invertebrate Zoology, 3d ed. (1974); Daly, H. V., et al., Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity (1978); Noble, E. R. and G. A., Parasitology, 4th ed. (1976).