James Sire defines [naturalism] with the following propositions: 1. Matter exists eternally and is all there is. God does not exist. 2. The cosmos exists as a uniformity of natural cause and effect in a closed system. 3. Human beings are complex “machines”; personality is an interrelation of chemical and physical properties we do not yet fully understand. 4. Death is the extinction of personality and individuality. 5. History is a linear stream of events linked by cause and effect but without an overarching purpose. 6. Ethics is related only to human beings (James Sire).